Refrigerants and their environmental impact substitution of. Low gwp refrigerant ozonedepletion potential zeroodp. Hydrofluoroolefin hfo based mixed gases having low gwp value were investigated as alternatives to different four refrigerants used commonly in refrigerating and air conditioning equipments. First you compress it and because its molecules are shoved into a smaller space they rapidly bounce off one another and heat up. Hydrocarbons are a very limited solution to the environmental. Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers. Many working fluids have been used for such purposes. The less the value of the odp, the better the refrigerant is for the ozone layer, and therefore the environment. Odp values are used to provide a simple way to compare the relative ability of various ods to destroy stratospheric ozone. Commonly used refrigerants and possible replacements rll is a cfc which is included in the montreal protocol having an ozone depletion potential odp of 1 and a greenhouse potential gp of 3300. Examples of secondary refrigerants include water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide, which are more environmentally benign than traditional refrigerants such as hcfcs. Mar 16, 2019 a refrigerant is a non corrosive liquid or gas that you use in a machine to exchange heat.
Global warming potential gwp is a relative measure of how much heat a refrigerant traps in the atmosphere. While r4a and r410a are both environmentally conscious hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, the two are otherwise dissimilar. Environmental protection agency epa has signed and is submitting for publication in the federal register an update to its refrigerant management regulations under. Historically, chlorofluorocarbons cfcs were used extensively as refrigerants in the air conditioning and refrigeration industries. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. Hydrocarbons, specifically methane and ethane 1924 what is a halogenated refrigerant. A numerical value assigned to refrigerants to compare the destructive potential each refrigerant poses to the ozone layer compared to r11, which has an odp of 1. However, they are extremely stable, and they have a high gwp cf. The ozone depletion potential odp of a refrigerant is the relative amount of depletion to the ozone layer it can cause. Which refrigerants have the lowest ozone depletion potential. Ozone depletion potential odp a numerical value assigned to refrigerants to compare the destructive potential each refrigerant poses to the ozone layer compared to r11, which has an odp of 1.
Nextgeneration low global warming potential refrigerants. Nonozone depleting substances ods do not deplete the earths protective ozone layer. In the present study, a comparison was considered about some characteristics of new generation low gwp value gases most of which are at the trial stage. Candidate alternatives for r22 are being evaluated by a consortium of manufacturers in a project called. Ozone depletion potentials odps were a very important measure in the formulation of the montreal protocol and its amendments. How to merge pdfs and combine pdf files adobe acrobat dc. The number of single component refrigerants with different thermodynamic properties suitable. Common refrigerants and their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp are indicated below. Refrigerant management gives us the ability to manage refrigerant, he said. Stratospheric ozone depletion and hvac refrigerants. These refrigerants are referred to by their trade name, chemical name or their internationally recognized numbers, commonly used refrigerants and possible replacements rll is a cfc which is included in the montreal protocol having an ozone depletion potential odp of 1 and a greenhouse potential gp of 3300. Refrigerants and their environmental impact substitution. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title.
The key requirement of the regulation is the phasingout of the use of ods. As of what date did it become unlawful to intentionally release class i and class ii refrigerants into the atmosphere. All of the refrigerants use r11 as a datum reference, and thus r11 has an odp of 1. Refrigerants containing chlorine or bromine contribute to the breakdown of the ozone layer see figure 5. The search for refrigerants with low global warming potential gwp to replace more harmful hfcs is continuing. This note covers the main issues of refrigerant selection from the standpoint of the purchaser, the. The refrigerator and air conditioning industries have started to address the future challenges. The formula for rll is ccf and it has the chemical name trichloromonofluoromethane. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs.
They also have good energy efficiency, but are flammable and can form an explosive mixture with air if a leak occurs. Gwp values for ozone depleting substances can range, for. Hfc hydrofluorocarbon a chlorinefree refrigerant containing hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon with zero ozone depletion potential. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5.
The conventional cooling systems use refrigerants with high ozone depletion potential odp and greenhouse gas ghg impact and as a consequence the prohibition of. Cfcs are listed by the epa as class i ozone depleting substances 1923 what chemical family is the basic building block for most modern refrigerants. Energy procedia 18 2012 807 a 816 18766102 a 2012 published by elsevier ltd. In addition, refrigerants play a role if a variety of the other measures that apply to cooling systems. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Stratospheric ozone depletion is a global threat to the balance of nature resulting in a decreasing concentration of ozone particles in the upper atmosphere. It has a high chlorine content and ozone depletion potential odp, and high global warming potential. The earliest mechanical refrigeration used air as a working fluid.
Compared to halogenated refrigerants, hydrocarbons like isobutane r600a and propane r290 offer several advantages. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layer. Indicators for quantitative comparison of the various substancesareodp8ozonedepletionpotentialandgwp9 global warming potential, which are closely related to their atmospheric lifetime alt 10. The moelcule found in cfc and hcfc refrigerants that destroys ozone in the atmosphere is. Explain the concepts of ozone depletion and global warming and the contribution of cfchcfchfc refrigerants to both issues 4. On a worldwide basis, the most widely used hcfc refrigerant is r22 which has a low ozone depletion potential 5. Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants. Many of these regulations have been implemented in phases, and we are now on the brink of a wave of new restrictions. Our natural refrigerants provide zero ozone depletion potential odp and minimal. Way back in the stone age, people knew that food could be kept for longer in the cold, and stored meat and fruit in cool caves protected from heat and the sun. Products that normally contain ozone depleting substances should be replaced with functionally similar products that contain nonozone depleting substances. R218 is an example of a fluorocarbon, and fcs are also present in the mixtures r403 and r408.
Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with. Originally the title given was new and alternative refrigerants but i was also asked to. The need to find a long term solution calls for the use of natural refrigerants. The conventional cooling systems use refrigerants with high ozone depletion potential odp and greenhouse gas ghg impact and as a consequence the prohibition of hydrochlorofluorocarbons hcfcs. Epa regulations and international treaties prescribe a time table to phase out these. Mar 03, 2015 what refrigerant has the lowest ozone depletion. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition.
Investigation into the fractionation of refrigerant blends. A refrigerant is a compound that can readily absorb heat at one temperature, then compressed by a heat pump to a higher temperature and pressure where it changes phase and discharges the absorbed heat. Other refrigerants not listed above are also applied in products outside of daikins portfolio, some examples include hydrocarbons isobutane, propane for refrigerators and window air conditioners or hfo refrigerants for mobile air conditioners. A halogenated refrigerant is a refrigerant that has been made. Shaw acknowledged that managing refrigerants can be a challenge, since transition is an ongoing process and there is pressure to reduce ozone depletion potential odp to zero. Companies like honeywell are to looking into redesigning appliances like air conditioners and refrigerant applications that have a lower gwp. Alternatives to ozone depleting refrigerants in test equipment. For the benefit of our customers, we combine leading industry knowledge. Apr 04, 2002 shaw acknowledged that managing refrigerants can be a challenge, since transition is an ongoing process and there is pressure to reduce ozone depletion potential odp to zero. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle.
The initiatives identified in this report are navigants recommendations to bto for pursuing in an effort to accelerate the widespread adoption of lowglobal warming potential gwp refrigerants in residential and commercial equipment. It has an ozone depletion rating of zero, and its global warming potential is 2100. Even though hfcs have a zeroodp, in some cases it has a global warming potential highgwp. Ecofriendly refrigerants as substitutes for hfc4a a. Feb 06, 2017 the united states has passed a number of regulations regarding refrigerants since the signing of the montreal protocol in 1987.
Linde gas is a global leader in refrigerant solutions and services. The united states has passed a number of regulations regarding refrigerants since the signing of the montreal protocol in 1987. Natural refrigerants selecting and designing energyefficient commercial refrigeration systems that use low global warming potential refrigerants caleb nelson, chuck reis, eric nelson, james armer, rob arthur, richard heath, and james rono cta architects engineers boise, idaho adam hirsch and ian doebber. Easily combine multiple files into one pdf document. Theres a future for natural refrigerants by monika witt chairwoman of eurammon the question as to how to prevent food from going off is probably as old as humanity itself. Refrigerants are regulated as hazardous materials by the us epa and carb, due to their ozone depleting ability and powerful greenhouse gas potential. Choice of refrigerants for ship refrigeration systems. The regulation for the management of high global warming potential refrigerants for stationary sources carb. This project was made possible with american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 funds. Refrigeration, airconditioning and heat pump sector. The ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of. Refrigerants containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon, though to contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, although not to extent of chlorofluorocarbons. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. Currently the major refrigerant is switching to hydrofluorocarbons hfcs which has zero ozone depletion potential zeroodp.
The higher the gwp value, the more that particular gas warms the earth compared to carbon dioxide. Distinguish between the refrigerants that have been in used in vapor compression systems up to now 2. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. Hydroflourocarbons hfcs can be short and midterm replacements, but may not be permanent due to their high global warming potential gwp 5. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. Candidate alternatives for r22 are being evaluated. Epa is extending its refrigerant management regulations to. Secondary refrigerants allow the amounts of environmentally harmful primary refrigerants to be minimized and contained in a restricted area.
A refrigerant is a non corrosive liquid or gas that you use in a machine to exchange heat. Apr 12, 2020 the ozone depletion potential odp of a refrigerant is the relative amount of depletion to the ozone layer it can cause. Describe the basic chemical compositions of refrigerants and the numbering system used to classify refrigerants 3. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layerglobal warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global warming. Chapter 6 introduction to refrigerants flashcards quizlet. While analyses and system performance tools have shown that hfc refrigerant blends offer certain performance, capacity. Environmental protection agency epa has signed and is submitting for publication in the federal register an update to its refrigerant management regulations under section 608 of the.